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Latency is simply the time between asking for something and getting it back. Every system you will ever touch is built out of layers, and each layer has its own latency because each layer is physicall
The internet hosts many kinds of resources, so each resource needs a label to tell clients how to handle it. MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) was originally developed to solve problems mov
In modern web applications, efficient data access is essential for performance and user experience. Redis, a blazing-fast in-memory store used for caching, messaging, and short-lived persistence, depe
In 1986 database researcher named Michael Stonebraker was working on a problem that has plauged databases since their inception. how do you let many people read and write to the data simultaneously wi
The main problem TOAST solves is fundamental : postgres pages are of 8kb, and tuple must fit within that page. so what happens if you try to insert 1MB of text field ? Without toast you would get an error: "Row too big". With toast PostgreSQL handles...
When you insert a new row into a table, postgreSQL creates a tuple, a contiguous chunk of memory bytes that contains both system metadata and your actual data. A tuple starts with a 23 byte header. Every single tuple in every table has this same head...
From the previous blog we knew that tables are made up of 8KB pages, lets crack open a page and see what's really inside it. This is where the things get interesting because jargons like MVCC, tuple storage, visiblity rules, freespace is dependent on...
When you create a table, PostgreSQL assigns it an OID (Object Identifier). This is just a logical identifier for the table. it is stored in the system catalog pg_class and remains constant for the lifetime of the table. But under the hood in physical...
When you execute INSERT INTO users VALUES (1, 'Alice') in PostgreSQL, what actually happens on disk? Where does that data go? How is it organized? Why does a simple SELECTsometimes cause disk writes? These aren't just academic questions—they're the f...
